Beef for Tomorrow Conference Proceedings (1960) / Chapter Skim
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How to Produce Beef Economically
How to Produce Beef Economically
Pages 75-127
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From page 75... ...
The accuracy of evaluation of characteristics contributing to variations in value obviously improves as the beef progresses toward the consumer's plate. Dressing percentage is not important when the carcass weight is known.
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From page 76... ...
Cook et al (4) reported on the relationship of 5 live measurements on 157 Milking Shorthorn steers produced under standard conditions at Beltsville, Maryland, with slaughter grade, carcass grade, and dressing percentage.
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From page 77... ...
Body measurements were correlated with slaughter grade, carcass grade, and dressing percentage, but no cut-out data were reported. Butler (2)
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From page 78... ...
384 Steers 1,000 Smallest Loin Eye Largest Loin Eye Smallest Loin Eye per 1,000 pounds Largest Loin Eye per 1,000 pounds Most Fat Cover on a Prime Steer Least Fat Cover on a Prime Steer 12.2 11.0 10.1 VARIATIONS 1.4 1.0 0.7 10.5 11.0 11.5 11.0 7.65 sq.
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From page 79... ...
Progeny testing with direct selection for the most important production and carcass traits seems to be one pathway to progress. Artificial insemination can spread the influence of a few top sires tremendously.
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From page 80... ...
We must conclude that slaughter steers of approximately the same live weight and grade vary significantly in value on the basis of their retail yield of various cuts. The increased value is related closely to superior muscling and reduced outside fat covering.
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From page 81... ...
1951. Relationships of five body measurements to slaughter grade, carcass grade, and dressing percentage in Milking Shorthorn steers.
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From page 82... ...
off grass 7 27 Slaughter 7 44 Carcass traits Dressing percent 2 71 Carcass grade 6 32 Rib eye area 3 69 Tenderness 5 58 Character No. of Ave of Estimates Estimates 1 Most pertinent references are given in Warwick (45)
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From page 83... ...
TABLE 2 Estimates of Annual Genetic Improvement Possible in Large Beef Herds Under a Few Possible Breeding Systems when Selection Is For One Trait Only Weaning Weight1 Postweaning2 Feedlot Gain Efficiency of3 Postweaning Gain Area of4 Rib Eye Tenderness6 Bull Plan A (Natural Service) Bull Plan C (Natural Service)
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From page 84... ...
For both these traits it is relatively easy to get information on all animals raised. Taken over a 10-year period, a potential improvement of 43 pounds in weaning weight or .43 pounds in average daily gain with even the simplest forms of mass selection represent gains which would in the case of weaning weight represent 10 per cent or more of current averages and for average daily gain 15 to 20 per cent of current averages.
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From page 85... ...
On the assumption that they are essentially independent genetically, concurrent selection for weaning weight, post-weaning gaining ability, rib eye area at a standard weight, and tenderness of lean tissue should in a 10-year period result in increases of 21.5 pounds in weaning weight, .22 pound in average daily postweaning gaining ability, .14 of a square inch in rib eye area and a decrease of .44 pound in average shear force with the simplest mass selection breeding plan. With plans making use of progeny testing and extended use of superior sires through artificial insemination, increases of 44 pound, .35 pound, 37 square inch, and
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From page 86... ...
The increase of .22 pound in average daily gain would probably be associated with a 6 to 8 per cent saving of feed during a normal fattening period. These gains, while not revolutionary or spectacular in any one year are of obvious long time importance.
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From page 87... ...
the crossbreds had heavier weaning weights, particularly in the second and third generations, when the crossbreds were out of crossbred cows, faster daily gains on feed test and slightly higher dressing percentages and carcass grades. Likewise, crossbred heifers were heavier at 18 months.
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From page 88... ...
have gained considerably more rapidly under summer pasture conditions TABLE 4 Eight-Year Summary of Weights, Gain, Feed Efficiency, and Carcass Quality of Purebred Angus, Purebred Hereford and Their Reciprocal Crossbred Calves* Calves from Angus cow Crossbred Calves from Hereford cows Crossbred Purebred Hereford Purebred Angus x Angus x Angus Hereford Hereford No.
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From page 89... ...
Carcass grades have been lower by current standards. For example, the following results from steers fed in a recent Miles City, Montana, test are striking: It remains to be seen whether these gen erally favorable results with the crossbreds can be duplicated but, if so, present indications are that they may be due, in large part, to hybrid vigor.
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From page 90... ...
Summary Direct selection of beef cattle for traits of economic value should be effective and if widely and systematically practiced could potentially improve several traits important in economical production by from 5 to 10 per cent over present averages in a 10 year period. Concurrent improvement could be made for carcass traits but at a slower rate since most selection for these traits has to be on a sib or progeny test basis.
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From page 91... ...
1959b. Gains and grades of beef steers in the Gulf Coast region.
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From page 92... ...
1959. Relationships between measures of performance, body form, and carcass quality in beef cattle.
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From page 93... ...
There are good possibilities of producing feed grains in some of these regions and of introducing cattle feeding systems similar to those of the corn belt in the United States. This may be a question of improved agronomic practices and proper livestock management.
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From page 94... ...
Obviously, as feed intake is reduced growth rate or milk production decline. Studies at the Missouri Station showed that Shorthorn cattle grew more rapidly at 50° F
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From page 95... ...
by mechanical refrigeration or evaporative cooling towers increased daily gain from 0.19 to 0.50 pounds per day. The cattle drank less of the cold water, but the consumption of the cooled water was followed by a reduction in body temperature for several hours.
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From page 96... ...
This is not now being done to the limits of our technical information. Reason for Lag in Artificial Insemination Dairy cattle, whatever the system of management, are closely observed at milking and those which are in estrus can be retained for insemination.
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From page 97... ...
It now appears that the hypothalamic area of the brain, the posterior pituitary gland, and possibly the adrenal may be involved in addition to the anterior pituitary gland. Veterinarians have for many years altered the estrual cycle of individual cattle by the removal of the corpus luteum.
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From page 98... ...
As early as 1943 Lorenz showed that the implantation of diethylstilbestrol would increase fat deposition and improve carcass quality in chickens. Purdue studies between 1946-1949 showed that the implantation of diethystilbestrol in cattle and sheep produce true growth stimulation.
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From page 99... ...
In recent years highly potent goitrogens have been used in cattle feeding and may be beneficial under certain conditions. One of the areas which is of considerable current interest is the role of plant hormones on the animals which consume them.
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From page 100... ...
These may influence feed intake, body composition, milk composition and, as a result, feed evaluation, and utilization. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to review certain areas in nutrition which deserve emphasis in considering the production efficiency of beef cattle.
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From page 101... ...
(26, 27) have presented information to indicate that the heat increment produced by various proportions of volatile fatty acids not apparent at levels below maintenance is found with fattening sheep.
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From page 102... ...
No. 2, produced daily gains which varied from 0.84 to 1.62.
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From page 103... ...
When hay is finely ground and pelleted, feed consumption increases and results in a greater daily gain (57, 58)
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From page 104... ...
showed though little differences existed between daily gains of steers fed high-roughage rations and those fed higher levels of concentrate, a higher energy content occurred in the weight gain of those fed concentrate because of a higher fat content. Nitrogen Utilization The protein nutrition, of ruminants is unique, interesting, and of great practical value in the ultimate production of highquality protein for human consumption.
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From page 105... ...
Therefore, the energy cost in beef production is largely one of the maintenance need. Breeding heifers at one year of age rather than at two years of age is one example of saving maintenance costs (101)
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From page 106... ...
This correlation was 0.91, while a non-significant -- 0.07 existed between dry matter digestibility and daily gain. A further example of the importance of food intake by beef cattle is furnished by Black et al.
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From page 107... ...
The higher energy rations, higher in concentrate, usually produce the most gain per unit of feed consumed. Secondly, the energy content of the gain affects these expressions of apparent efficiency of feed utilization.
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From page 108... ...
Feed Evaluation Recently, Blaxter (23) presented evidence in a comprehensive review to the effect that use of the net energy principle is superior to total digestible nutrients (TDN)
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From page 109... ...
have devised a system of evaluating alfalfa hay by an analysis for crude fiber. Both TDN and digestible protein were predicted from the crude fiber analysis.
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From page 110... ...
1959. Relationship of milk production efficiency to the relative proportion of the rumen volatile fatty acids.
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From page 111... ...
1940. Yield, chemical composition and feeding value for milk production of alfalfa hay cut at three stages of maturity.
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From page 112... ...
1934. The nutritive value of the proteins of alfalfa hay and clover hay when fed alone and in combination with the proteins of corn.
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From page 113... ...
I Effect of feeding vitamin E for rations on reproduction, health, milk production and growth.
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From page 114... ...
1959. Evaluation of alfalfa hay by chemical analysis.
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From page 115... ...
Fatten in dry lot System K -- 1. Begin October 15 at 650 1bs.
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From page 116... ...
These reports on cattle feeding show the weight gains which can be obtained by feeding rations which are balanced, are high in energy, and are supplemented with hormones, biologicals, chemicals, or tranquilizers. Or, they show how economically gains can be achieved on rations with high roughage contents.
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From page 117... ...
In 1930 the average daily gain was two pounds; today it is nearly three pounds per head. USDA researchers writing in the 1959 Outlook Chart Book (11)
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From page 118... ...
In that time, we feel that we have gotten very good results. We have been able to increase our calf weaning weights about fifty (50)
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From page 119... ...
The corn belt still ranks first in cattle feeding but is losing, percentagewise, some cattle feeding to other areas. Twenty years ago over 80 per cent of all cattle on feed, when the January 1 in
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From page 120... ...
Specialization in cattle feeding has been made possible by pushbutton feed mills and automated feeding operations. Custom feedlots have started operating in the corn belt, the South and the Southwest, as well as in the West.
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From page 121... ...
Operations of large commercial and custom cattle feed yards undoubtedly have access to credit through institutions not generally open to smaller operators. This access will permit them to expand further if they operate as successful businessmen.
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From page 122... ...
In their opinion, market prices for feeder cattle relative to the expected future market prices for slaughter cattle sometimes seemed low and favored the purchase and feeding of the feeder cattle. The number of cattle fed by packers has not increased during the past five years.
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From page 123... ...
Cattle feeding by food chains has declined because there are fewer chain-owned plants, custom cattle feeding yards have increased in number, and the availability of cattle and beef has increased. With plentiful meat supplies and no controls I would expect a decrease in retail food chain cattle feeding and meat packing operations.
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From page 124... ...
Level marketings permit meat packers to use facilities more efficiently. Packer and chain feeding has also created an interest in cattle feeding in certain areas.
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From page 125... ...
April 1949. A comparison of beef cattle feeding systems with special attention to the use of hay and pasture.
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From page 126... ...
Marketing aspects of western cattle feeding operations. Nevada Agr.
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From page 127... ...
Research is especially needed on the relationship of conformation to cutability and beef quality as a guide to breeders, feeders, and buyers of slaughter cattle. Basic research is urgently needed on the endocrine physiology of growing and fattening beef cattle on the role of feed and other additives on beef production efficiency, and on beef quality and composition.
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